Legal Liberalism Calls For Equality - 1680 Words

Legal liberalism calls for equality before the law; it was a manner to ensure that there shall be equality before all citizens, protecting them from unjust statutes or acts the state may incorporate. However, despite the protections in our constitution, there are instances in American history where the Supreme Court has endorsed other branches to violate or limit its citizens’ economic freedom. In this essay I will cite court cases and documents that incited conflict, most notably â€Å"substantive due process† and â€Å"liberty of contract.† In light of these cases it prompted a massive transformation in constitutional jurisprudence such as Equal protections clause, right to privacy, and criminal defendants’ rights that moved the nation towards†¦show more content†¦In reaction, the butchers filed a lawsuit claiming that this Louisiana law violated their fundamental rights to pursue happiness and to pursue their calling as butchers. They argued th at the right was protected under the privileges or immunities clause of the 14th amendment, which had been ratified in 1848. In a 5-4 decision, the supreme Court conflicted with the butchers’ reasoning. The Supreme Court ruled that the monopoly inflicted by the state did not violate the 13th and 14th amendments (privilege and immunities clause); in other words, the claim did not forbid limits on the rights to use one’s property (Lecture). Essentially, the Supreme Court rendered the â€Å"privileges and immunities† clause of the 14th amendment insignificant. In the Field and Bradley dissent, they argue that the purpose of the immunities clause was to limit state action, Bradley went so far as to incorporating the Bill of Rights into the dissent. The Slaughter house case is one of the Supreme Court’s worst decisions plus an example of the U.S. violating its Constitution. The 14th amendment, privileges and immunities clause states: â€Å"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the

Instinct and circumstance Free Essays

Buber believes, that then â€Å"I† of the human is double, and relative to the relationships into which it enters. The â€Å"I† that replies to â€Å"Thou† is vastly different from the â€Å"I† that replies to â€Å"It†. Every act of saying I is an act of being I in one of these ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Instinct and circumstance or any similar topic only for you Order Now I-It is any being as experience, analytic, I-Thou is the being as a relationship, synthetic. There is nothing in particular to be known about the Thou, it can only be understood in its wholeness and not known. We see it clearly and yet cannot tell the details. I-Thou comes before I-It, it is the basic â€Å"main word†. It is the first comprehension of the Other. But I-Thou is doomed to be come I-It as we familiarize ourselves with it and find a utilitarian approach to the Other. And yet I-It may become I-Thou if the scrutinizing man chooses to further the relationship and not look at the details of the one with who he is interacting, but at its essence. Still, it is impossible to live in the I-Thou mode constantly, for it is being only in the present and paying attention only to the present. Deep and essential it may be, and yet fickle and does not bode well for survival. As Buber puts it, â€Å"The human being cannot live without the It. But the one who lives only with the It is not a human being†, as these few fickle moments are the most direct manifestation of what makes us human – our ability to dialog directly. A growing civilization means a growing world of It, because each new civilization gathers within itself the â€Å"It† of the previous culture. It is usually falsely called a growth of spiritual life, but this is not true: spiritual life is the domain of the I-Thou, a response to the Absolute, while the growth of cognitive capacity generally diminishes the capability for having a true Relationship. The I-It word is nothing bad, unless it attempts to take the place of its rightful counterpart, as one is useless without the other. If one divides the â€Å"spheres of interest† of the Thou and It, he will get communities with nothing in common on one hand and feelings without substance on the other, a divided and sad existence. Buber speaks of two opposite pairs: of freedom and destiny and of necessity and fate. The first belong to I-Thou, the second to I-It. Destiny is a measure of self-actualization: only the person who has achieved freedom and understood what he is and what he truly desires can find his destiny. On the other hand, he who gives in to the laws of necessity and causality and does not act from the very depths of his being discounting causality meets the jaws of fate as his form of existence. He is the toy of the forces beyond him, while the man who follows his destiny rides the waves. Any culture generally starts on the impulse of I-Thou and declines on I-It, as does the human being. Buber differentiates between the Will and the self-will. The first is the grand impulse to meet with one’s destiny, to participate in the dialog. The second is merely the fickle desires of the limited human being, the lesser will controlled by instinct and circumstance. It is up to every human to choose what path he will take. This is the difference between individuality and personality, between learning one’s boundaries by creating more of them or by destroying them – the result, in the end, is one and the same, but how different the experience! It is the choice between living in a mortal world or of mingling – even but momentarily – with Eternity itself. By relating the boundaries of the I-Thou one shapes them, as well, and creates them in a living response to outside circumstance, in dialog with it. By putting up walls in the I-It relationship, one distances oneself from the world, and is unable to react to any situation at hand, he may merely remember and try to act according to experience. There is no external difference between how the men in I-Thou and in I-It live. Both interact with the outside world, the man in I-Thou does not stop seeing the differences between things, lost in dialog. The difference is internal. For the man in I-Thou it is all a part of one living dialog. For the man in I-It, things are separate and only vaguely related. The man in I-Thou is interdependent on his dialog with the Absolute, but the Absolute is dependent on him, as well. The man in I-It thinks himself free but is dependent upon a thousand things. These two states are strangely interrelated. The stronger the It takes its hold on the I, the stronger the epiphanies the personal relationship of the I-Thou variety brings. Only through the greatest darkness will there be the greatest light, only through the loss of the word – dialog, only by going to the edges of fate can we know freedom, and through causality we learn the ways of destiny. Such are the cycles of the world in its eternal revolution. How to cite Instinct and circumstance, Papers

Breast Cancer Essay Paper Example For Students

Breast Cancer Essay Paper INCIDENCEBreast cancer is the most common malignancy among women and has the highest fatality rate of all cancers affecting this sex. It is the leading cause of death among women aged 35-54. In 1999 an estimated 175,000 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. That is one woman every three minutes. At the same time 43,000 will die, at the rate of one every two minutes. The incidence of men diagnosed with breast cancer is rare, however it does occur. Approximately 1,300 men a year are diagnosed, and 400 die annually due to the disease. A total of 75% of all breast cancers occur in women with no known risk factors. 80% of breast cancers occur in women aged 50 and up. The mortality rate would decrease if every woman over 50 was informed and followed guidelines. When confined to the breast, the survival rate is 95%. We will write a custom essay on Breast Cancer Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Studies have shown that more white women than black women get breast cancer, however more black women die of breast cancer because they are not diagnosed at an early stage. SIGNS AND SYMPTONS Most breast cancers appear as a slowly growing, painless mass, though a vague discomfort may be present. Physical signs include a retracted nipple, bleeding from the nipple, distorted areola or breast contour, skin dimpling over the lesion, attachment of the mass to surrounding tissues including the underlying fascia and overlying skin, and enlarged lymph nodes. In most advanced stages of the disease the skin nodules with ultimate breakdown and ulcer formation may be seen. Metastases should be sought immediately so that further spread will not be a factor. Among the common sites of metastases are the lungs and pleura, the skeleton (specifically the spine, pelvis, and skull), and the liver. Whenever possible, distant spread of the disease should be confirmed by a lymph nose biopsy, by x-ray, or by liver and bone scans using radioactive isotopes. WHO IS AT RISK? All women and men are at risk of getting breast cancer. However personal history with family members having breast cancer adds an increase to the risk factor. Contradictory to this though studies have shown that 75% of breast cancer occurs in women with no history and no known risk factors. Not ever having children, or having ones first child after 30 yrs., also increases the risk of breast cancer in women. Heavy alcohol abuse is a risk factor as well. Studies have also shown that women who began menstruation early, twelve years or less, and women who began menopause late, fifty-five years plus, also have a greater risk of breast cancer. PREVENTION There are three ways to attempt to detect prevention, however since there is no cure, one cannot determine what actions to take to prevent. The most common technique for early detection is by a regular doctors examination. The second technique at detecting breast cancer is by a breast self-examination (BSE), and lastly, by mammogram. BSE should begin when a woman is eighteen or older, so that the breast is fully developed. During the BSE women should begin to learn what is normal and what is not in their breasts. Mammography is the best method at detecting breast cancer. A woman should have a mammogram when she is 40 yrs. old, and then one every two years until she is 50 yrs. old. Once a woman is 50 yrs. old she should have a mammogram annually because as ones age increases, so does the risk of getting breast cancer. Many women also need to be educated about the risks of breast cancer and how to detect it early. The majority of women with breast cancer do not know about the fortunateness of detecting breast cancer early, never mind follow the detection guidelines. TREATMENT Therapy depends mainly on the extent of the disease and the patients age. .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 , .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 .postImageUrl , .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 , .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18:hover , .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18:visited , .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18:active { border:0!important; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18:active , .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18 .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u54dcf6ffc49aeac3f823fad021608f18:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maturity Essay If there is evidence of wider metastasic spread, treatment will be palliative. This means that treatment will lessen the severity of pain, however it will not cure. When there is no evidence of spread, the treatment of choice is total mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy. This is an entire or partial removal of the affected breast. In the best circumstances, the 10 yr. survival rate is greater than 50%. However these clinical cures may recur with fatal outcome as late as 20 yr after surgery. Total or Partial Mastectomy Is now accepted as an equivalent alternative to conventional radical mastectomy for the treatment of all primary operable breast cancers. The entire, or partial area of, breast is removed together with virtually all of the axillary lymph nodes, but since the pectoral muscles are preserved their function is left intact, the cosmetic result is far superior. In addition, the procedure leads to far better breast reconstruction using implants that often can be inserted 6-12 mos. after surgery. Radiotherapy This technique is sometimes used instead of surgery. After a radical Mastectomy if additional metastases are found, the internal lymph node chain may be irradiated because of the high incidence of occult lymph node metastases in this area when the disease has already reached the axilla. For recurrent cancer, palliative radiotherapy can be valuable in controlling local chest wall or cervical lymph node recurrences and relieving pain from skeletal metastases. Irradiation is of little value for large internal metastases. Hormonal Therapy This treatment has proven to be of the greatest use in palliation of symptoms or in delaying the advancement of breast cancer. It is most often combined with radiotherapy when cancer recurs following a mastectomy and when the tumour is so advanced that surgery is not indicated or is palliative. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is useful in patients that have a high risk of developing recurrent cancer after a mastectomy.. Chemotherapy is used in the management of patients with recurrent breast cancer usually after the failure of previous hormonal manipulations. A variety of chemotherapeutic agents are used in various combinations, sometimes with a corticosteroid to suppress endogenous adrenal function or with the estrogen antagonist tamoxifen. (Quote) The agents in chemotherapy have demonstrated value in halting or delaying the appearance of metastases, especially in premenopausal patients, and in treating recurrences.